Serveur d'exploration sur le peuplier

Attention, ce site est en cours de développement !
Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts.
Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

Kinetics, mechanisms, and influencing factors on the treatment of haloacetonitriles (HANs) in water by two household heating devices.

Identifieur interne : 001321 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001320; suivant : 001322

Kinetics, mechanisms, and influencing factors on the treatment of haloacetonitriles (HANs) in water by two household heating devices.

Auteurs : Wendong Shi [République populaire de Chine] ; Lei Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Baiyang Chen [République populaire de Chine]

Source :

RBID : pubmed:28086155

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are a group of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (DBPs) commonly found in treated water with potential carcinogenic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic risks. In order to control HANs and understand their real intake levels by people via drinking water, this study evaluated a list of structural, operational, and environmental factors affecting the treatment of HANs by two domestic heating devices, i.e., an electric boiler and a microwave oven. Results show that the concentrations of HANs decreased exponentially over time with increasing temperature, water turbulence, and bubbles, and the phenomena were most likely due to a combined effect of volatilization and hydrolysis. Among HANs, the lability increased with increasing halogenation degrees (i.e., tri- > di- > mono- HANs) yet decreasing halogen molecular weights (i.e., Cl- > Br- > I- HANs); such trends were well captured by quantitative structure activity relationship models (R2 = 0.99). Operational factors played critical roles in controlling HANs too, including the rate of heating, water volume, water temperature at time of pouring, cooling method, and capping condition, suggesting that people could benefit from proper handling methods and procedures. In addition, HANs added to tap water exhibited higher removals than those added to ultrapure water, probably because of the presence of free chlorine in tap water.

DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.017
PubMed: 28086155


Affiliations:


Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)


Le document en format XML

<record>
<TEI>
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title xml:lang="en">Kinetics, mechanisms, and influencing factors on the treatment of haloacetonitriles (HANs) in water by two household heating devices.</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shi, Wendong" sort="Shi, Wendong" uniqKey="Shi W" first="Wendong" last="Shi">Wendong Shi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>518055</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Lei" sort="Wang, Lei" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lei" last="Wang">Lei Wang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>518055</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, Baiyang" sort="Chen, Baiyang" uniqKey="Chen B" first="Baiyang" last="Chen">Baiyang Chen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China. Electronic address: poplar_chen@hotmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>518055</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<date when="2017">2017</date>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:28086155</idno>
<idno type="pmid">28086155</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.017</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">001477</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001477</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001477</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">001477</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001477</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<title xml:lang="en">Kinetics, mechanisms, and influencing factors on the treatment of haloacetonitriles (HANs) in water by two household heating devices.</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shi, Wendong" sort="Shi, Wendong" uniqKey="Shi W" first="Wendong" last="Shi">Wendong Shi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>518055</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Lei" sort="Wang, Lei" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lei" last="Wang">Lei Wang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>518055</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, Baiyang" sort="Chen, Baiyang" uniqKey="Chen B" first="Baiyang" last="Chen">Baiyang Chen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China. Electronic address: poplar_chen@hotmail.com.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>518055</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">Chemosphere</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1879-1298</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2017" type="published">2017</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass>
<keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en">
<term>Acetonitriles (analysis)</term>
<term>Acetonitriles (chemistry)</term>
<term>Disinfectants (analysis)</term>
<term>Disinfectants (chemistry)</term>
<term>Drinking Water (analysis)</term>
<term>Drinking Water (chemistry)</term>
<term>Halogenation (MeSH)</term>
<term>Heating (instrumentation)</term>
<term>Kinetics (MeSH)</term>
<term>Microwaves (MeSH)</term>
<term>Temperature (MeSH)</term>
<term>Water (chemistry)</term>
<term>Water Pollutants, Chemical (analysis)</term>
<term>Water Pollutants, Chemical (chemistry)</term>
<term>Water Purification (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Acétonitriles (analyse)</term>
<term>Acétonitriles (composition chimique)</term>
<term>Chauffage (instrumentation)</term>
<term>Cinétique (MeSH)</term>
<term>Désinfectants (analyse)</term>
<term>Désinfectants (composition chimique)</term>
<term>Eau (composition chimique)</term>
<term>Eau de boisson (analyse)</term>
<term>Eau de boisson (composition chimique)</term>
<term>Halogénation (MeSH)</term>
<term>Micro-ondes (MeSH)</term>
<term>Polluants chimiques de l'eau (analyse)</term>
<term>Polluants chimiques de l'eau (composition chimique)</term>
<term>Purification de l'eau (MeSH)</term>
<term>Température (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en">
<term>Acetonitriles</term>
<term>Disinfectants</term>
<term>Drinking Water</term>
<term>Water Pollutants, Chemical</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en">
<term>Acetonitriles</term>
<term>Disinfectants</term>
<term>Drinking Water</term>
<term>Water</term>
<term>Water Pollutants, Chemical</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Acétonitriles</term>
<term>Désinfectants</term>
<term>Eau de boisson</term>
<term>Polluants chimiques de l'eau</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="composition chimique" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Acétonitriles</term>
<term>Désinfectants</term>
<term>Eau</term>
<term>Eau de boisson</term>
<term>Polluants chimiques de l'eau</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="instrumentation" xml:lang="en">
<term>Heating</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en">
<term>Halogenation</term>
<term>Kinetics</term>
<term>Microwaves</term>
<term>Temperature</term>
<term>Water Purification</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="instrumentation" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Chauffage</term>
<term>Cinétique</term>
<term>Halogénation</term>
<term>Micro-ondes</term>
<term>Purification de l'eau</term>
<term>Température</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are a group of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (DBPs) commonly found in treated water with potential carcinogenic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic risks. In order to control HANs and understand their real intake levels by people via drinking water, this study evaluated a list of structural, operational, and environmental factors affecting the treatment of HANs by two domestic heating devices, i.e., an electric boiler and a microwave oven. Results show that the concentrations of HANs decreased exponentially over time with increasing temperature, water turbulence, and bubbles, and the phenomena were most likely due to a combined effect of volatilization and hydrolysis. Among HANs, the lability increased with increasing halogenation degrees (i.e., tri- > di- > mono- HANs) yet decreasing halogen molecular weights (i.e., Cl- > Br- > I- HANs); such trends were well captured by quantitative structure activity relationship models (R
<sup>2</sup>
 = 0.99). Operational factors played critical roles in controlling HANs too, including the rate of heating, water volume, water temperature at time of pouring, cooling method, and capping condition, suggesting that people could benefit from proper handling methods and procedures. In addition, HANs added to tap water exhibited higher removals than those added to ultrapure water, probably because of the presence of free chlorine in tap water.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed>
<MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Curated" Owner="NLM">
<PMID Version="1">28086155</PMID>
<DateCompleted>
<Year>2017</Year>
<Month>03</Month>
<Day>20</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised>
<Year>2018</Year>
<Month>12</Month>
<Day>02</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print-Electronic">
<Journal>
<ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1879-1298</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
<Volume>172</Volume>
<PubDate>
<Year>2017</Year>
<Month>Apr</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Chemosphere</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Chemosphere</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Kinetics, mechanisms, and influencing factors on the treatment of haloacetonitriles (HANs) in water by two household heating devices.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination>
<MedlinePgn>278-285</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0045-6535(17)30019-X</ELocationID>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.017</ELocationID>
<Abstract>
<AbstractText>Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are a group of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (DBPs) commonly found in treated water with potential carcinogenic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic risks. In order to control HANs and understand their real intake levels by people via drinking water, this study evaluated a list of structural, operational, and environmental factors affecting the treatment of HANs by two domestic heating devices, i.e., an electric boiler and a microwave oven. Results show that the concentrations of HANs decreased exponentially over time with increasing temperature, water turbulence, and bubbles, and the phenomena were most likely due to a combined effect of volatilization and hydrolysis. Among HANs, the lability increased with increasing halogenation degrees (i.e., tri- > di- > mono- HANs) yet decreasing halogen molecular weights (i.e., Cl- > Br- > I- HANs); such trends were well captured by quantitative structure activity relationship models (R
<sup>2</sup>
 = 0.99). Operational factors played critical roles in controlling HANs too, including the rate of heating, water volume, water temperature at time of pouring, cooling method, and capping condition, suggesting that people could benefit from proper handling methods and procedures. In addition, HANs added to tap water exhibited higher removals than those added to ultrapure water, probably because of the presence of free chlorine in tap water.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Shi</LastName>
<ForeName>Wendong</ForeName>
<Initials>W</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Wang</LastName>
<ForeName>Lei</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Chen</LastName>
<ForeName>Baiyang</ForeName>
<Initials>B</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China. Electronic address: poplar_chen@hotmail.com.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<PublicationTypeList>
<PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic">
<Year>2017</Year>
<Month>01</Month>
<Day>05</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo>
<Country>England</Country>
<MedlineTA>Chemosphere</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>0320657</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>0045-6535</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<ChemicalList>
<Chemical>
<RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D000097">Acetonitriles</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical>
<RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D004202">Disinfectants</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical>
<RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D060766">Drinking Water</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical>
<RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D014874">Water Pollutants, Chemical</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical>
<RegistryNumber>059QF0KO0R</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D014867">Water</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical>
<RegistryNumber>Z072SB282N</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="C032159">acetonitrile</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
</ChemicalList>
<CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
<MeshHeadingList>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D000097" MajorTopicYN="N">Acetonitriles</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="Y">analysis</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D004202" MajorTopicYN="N">Disinfectants</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D060766" MajorTopicYN="N">Drinking Water</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D054879" MajorTopicYN="Y">Halogenation</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D006361" MajorTopicYN="N">Heating</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000295" MajorTopicYN="Y">instrumentation</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D007700" MajorTopicYN="N">Kinetics</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D008872" MajorTopicYN="N">Microwaves</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D013696" MajorTopicYN="N">Temperature</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D014867" MajorTopicYN="N">Water</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D014874" MajorTopicYN="N">Water Pollutants, Chemical</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="Y">analysis</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D018508" MajorTopicYN="N">Water Purification</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
</MeshHeadingList>
<KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM">
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">DBP</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Household water treatment</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">QSAR</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Thermal hydrolysis</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Volatilization</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</MedlineCitation>
<PubmedData>
<History>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received">
<Year>2016</Year>
<Month>10</Month>
<Day>10</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised">
<Year>2016</Year>
<Month>12</Month>
<Day>24</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted">
<Year>2017</Year>
<Month>01</Month>
<Day>03</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed">
<Year>2017</Year>
<Month>1</Month>
<Day>14</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline">
<Year>2017</Year>
<Month>3</Month>
<Day>21</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez">
<Year>2017</Year>
<Month>1</Month>
<Day>14</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
</History>
<PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus>
<ArticleIdList>
<ArticleId IdType="pubmed">28086155</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="pii">S0045-6535(17)30019-X</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.017</ArticleId>
</ArticleIdList>
</PubmedData>
</pubmed>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="République populaire de Chine">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Shi, Wendong" sort="Shi, Wendong" uniqKey="Shi W" first="Wendong" last="Shi">Wendong Shi</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Chen, Baiyang" sort="Chen, Baiyang" uniqKey="Chen B" first="Baiyang" last="Chen">Baiyang Chen</name>
<name sortKey="Wang, Lei" sort="Wang, Lei" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lei" last="Wang">Lei Wang</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Bois/explor/PoplarV1/Data/Main/Exploration
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001321 | SxmlIndent | more

Ou

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 001321 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Bois
   |area=    PoplarV1
   |flux=    Main
   |étape=   Exploration
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     pubmed:28086155
   |texte=   Kinetics, mechanisms, and influencing factors on the treatment of haloacetonitriles (HANs) in water by two household heating devices.
}}

Pour générer des pages wiki

HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/RBID.i   -Sk "pubmed:28086155" \
       | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd   \
       | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a PoplarV1 

Wicri

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.37.
Data generation: Wed Nov 18 12:07:19 2020. Site generation: Wed Nov 18 12:16:31 2020